The Dharashiv Jain Caves, located near Osmanabad in Maharashtra, are an ancient collection of caves that hold significant religious and historical importance. Initially Buddhist, these caves were later adapted by Jain followers, making them an intriguing fusion of both Buddhist and Jain heritage.
Historical Background
- Origin and Transition – Initially, the caves were created as Buddhist sanctuaries, dating back to around the 5th century B.C., but later they were repurposed by the Jain community. The transformation of these caves into Jain religious sites included the addition of statues and symbols significant to Jainism.
- Legend of ‘Aggaldev’ – Historically, the main idol of Dharashiv Parshwanath is referred to as ‘Aggaldev.’ Over time, the caves gained renown for their intricate architecture and religious carvings.
Cave Structures and Features
- First Cave
- Supported by 20 pillars, the first cave contains a stunning idol of Bhagwan Parshwanath with seven hoods. This cave is noted for its intricate artistry, which reflects the influence of the Gandharva era.
- Second Cave
- A detailed statue with elaborate carvings is located on the right side of the main sculpture. This cave, modeled after the Vakataka-style Ajanta caves, features a central hall with 14 cells for monks and a main sanctum with a large statue of Buddha.
- Fourth Cave
- The fourth cave contains an open space without any idols, showcasing a different architectural style.
- Sixth and Seventh Caves
- The sixth cave has a damaged statue, while the seventh cave does not contain any statues. However, they both contribute to the historical mosaic of the site. The seventh cave, in particular, is thought to be a Vaishnava cave.
Later Jain Excavations and the Influence of King Karakanda – In the 9th or 10th century A.D., Jain caves (Nos. V and VI) were excavated under the patronage of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. The Prakrit text Karakandacariu attributes these additions to King Karakanda, who learned of the older caves from Prince Siva of Terapura (Tagara).
Restoration and Preservation Efforts – In 1996, sections of the Dharashiv Caves underwent restoration with assistance from the World Bank. Although the caves are weather-worn, the Archaeological Survey of India (A.S.I.) has constructed steps and undertaken efforts to preserve this ancient site.
How to Reach Dharashiv Caves
The Dharashiv Caves are located about 6.5 km from Osmanabad and 85.2 km from Latur. Accessible routes include:
- From Hatla Devi Temple: After traveling about 2 km, a footpath leads to the caves.
- From Hanuman Temple: This route requires descending a hill, crossing a stream, and then ascending a steep hill. Steps constructed by the A.S.I. guide the final approach to the caves.
Key References and Archaeological Studies
The Dharashiv Caves were first documented by archaeologist Burgess in 1876. Subsequent reports and surveys, such as those by Burgess and Fergusson (1880) and Naik (1947), provide detailed ground plans and descriptions of the sculptures and carvings within the caves.
These seven caves, with their mix of Buddhist origins and Jain transformation, offer a fascinating glimpse into India’s layered religious history. Today, they serve as a cherished site for devotees and historians alike, revealing centuries-old traditions preserved within the hills of Maharashtra.
Besides these caves temple, there are 2 Digamabar Jain temples in the Osmanabad town.